Which scenario is an example of parallel evolution?

Parallel evolution occurs when two or more independent species evolve similar traits or adaptations in response to similar environmental pressures, even though these species are not directly related. In the scenario where two species of flowering plants are developing similar traits in the same environment, we can see how both species are experiencing similar selection pressures that lead to the evolution of analogous traits. This demonstrates how environmental factors can guide separate species toward similar adaptations, despite their different evolutionary histories.

The focus on environmental influence is crucial in parallel evolution. The traits that emerge in these independent lineages serve similar functions or roles, reinforcing the idea that similar environmental challenges can lead to analogous evolutionary outcomes. This type of evolution emphasizes the role of natural selection acting similarly on distinct species within comparable habitats.

The other scenarios represent different evolutionary concepts. For instance, wings of bats and birds exemplify convergent evolution, where unrelated species evolve similar traits (wings) because they face similar challenges, but they are not derived from a common ancestor with those specific adaptations. Similarly, the adaptation of whales and fish illustrates convergent evolution as well, where two distantly related groups develop similar features for aquatic life. The scenario of land plants and aquatic plants developing similar features can resemble evolutionary trends, but it does not fit the criteria for