What factor can lead to dynamic changes in biodiversity over time?

The factor that can lead to dynamic changes in biodiversity over time is high rates of both speciation and extinction. This means that when new species are formed (speciation) at a rapid pace while other species disappear (extinction) simultaneously, the overall biodiversity in an ecosystem can fluctuate significantly.

When speciation occurs, new niches are filled, leading to greater diversity. Conversely, high extinction rates can reduce the diversity, as established species and their roles within the ecosystem are lost. This interplay between the creation and loss of species creates a dynamic environment where biodiversity is in constant flux, reflecting the balance between creating new life forms and the disappearance of others.

In contrast, stable environmental conditions typically do not promote rapid changes in biodiversity, as they often lead to equilibrium and less evolutionary pressure. Controlled predation by dominant species and consistent climate patterns can also stabilize ecosystems, preventing the rapid rates of change associated with high speciation and extinction rates.