How does co-evolution typically manifest in nature?

Co-evolution typically manifests as reciprocal changes between species that influence each other's evolution. This interaction often occurs when two or more species have a close ecological relationship, such as predators and prey, or mutualistic partners like flowering plants and their pollinators. When one species adapts to a particular challenge or opportunity, the other species may respond with its own adaptations. This dynamic leads to a continuous cycle of evolution that shapes the traits and behaviors of both species over time.

For instance, as a plant evolves defenses against herbivores, the herbivores might also evolve strategies to overcome those defenses, demonstrating a clear interdependency. This reciprocal influence is a hallmark of co-evolution and highlights the interconnectedness of species within ecosystems.